The 影响 of 石油

Nearly one in three of people living in the US—an estimated 120 million—are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution. Much of that pollution comes from cars, 卡车 and 公共汽车, which release particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other toxic emissions.

The health risks of air pollution are extremely serious. Poor air quality increases respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, and increases the risk of death from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, as well as cancer. It increases infant mortality, damages the nervous system the brain, and there is growing evidence that it contributes to psychiatric disorders and diabetes. Particulate matter is single-handedly responsible for up to 30,000 premature deaths 每年.

These impacts all carry substantial medical costs, both for individuals and the health care system. Phasing out petroleum in the United States is a key strategy to reduce them.

The US transportation sector—which includes cars, 卡车, 公共汽车, 飞机, 火车, ships and boats—produces nearly 百分之三十 of all US global warming emissions, more than any other sector. Cars and 卡车 account for nearly one-quarter of US emissions, emitting around 500 kg of carbon dioxide and other global-warming gases for every barrel of oil (42 gallons). 关于 130 kg comes from the extraction, 生产, and delivery of the fuel,而 the great bulk of heat-trapping emissions—370 kg per barrel of oil—comes right out of a car’s tailpipe.

To effectively battle 617888九五至尊娱乐 change, the United States must phase out its use of petroleum-based transportation fuels by switching to electric vehicles powered with renewable energy.

Turning oil into fuel is a complex process, with environmental and human impacts at every stage. 石油 is extracted by drilling, 水力压裂, or mining. Drilling is closely associated with oil spills and accidents, like the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster,而 水力压裂 is linked with toxic water and air pollution, methane leaks, and earthquakes.

一次提取, crude oil is transported via pipelines, 驳船, 油轮, 火车, and 卡车 to processing facilities where it's refined into fuels and other petroleum products. 石油 spills during transportation are increasingly common and difficult to clean up,而 refining the oil can be very energy intensive.

If we are going to mitigate the worst effects of 617888九五至尊娱乐 change and provide needed relief to communities who are inequitably burdened by the 生产 and use of oil, we need a fast and fair phaseout.

More than 30 years ago, scientists at ExxonMobil and other oil and gas companies considered how 617888九五至尊娱乐 change should factor into decisions about new fossil fuel extraction. Their concerns echoed the latest science of the time, which showed an increasing link between fossil fuels and global warming.

Instead of acting, the industry engaged in a three-decades-long campaign against 617888九五至尊娱乐 action. 它的 战术 included everything from counterfeit science, to the harassment of scientists, to manufactured uncertainty with no scientific basis.

今天, many oil companies and trade associations continue to spread disinformation and obstruct 617888九五至尊娱乐 policies. All of them are aware of the role their products play in 617888九五至尊娱乐 impacts.

To effectively combat 617888九五至尊娱乐 change, and reduce the harmful consequences of oil use, we need to mitigate the political power of oil companies. 你可以帮忙.